Drift is unwanted relative motion occurring between two points in the apparatus. For example, drift can arise between preparation and electrode, between electrode and amplifier headstage, or between electrode and microscope.
Motion appears in two ways: 1) as slow changes in position over a long period of time (the life of the experiment), and 2) short term changes, usually observed as oscillatory motion occurring at frequencies of 1 to 100 per second.
Temperature changes, either external or internal to the apparatus, can cause drift due to expansion and contraction of the materials used in construction. Sources are: changes in room temperature, the location of the researcher (warm breath, touch, radiated body heat), light sources such as microscope illuminator lamps and spot illuminators, nearby heat sources such as ovens, refrigeration units, power supplies, or electronic instrumentation which may cause localized temperature gradients.
Materials that creep or flow under stress, especially polymers such as nylon, polyurethane, and Teflon. Changes in local stress within many thermoplastic components will gradually be relieved by strain (movement) within the material. This type of material is often used in amplifier headstages for holding recording electrodes and is a common cause of drift observed in patch clamp setups.
Use of high viscosity lubricants in bearings and leadscrews of positioning systems is a common method used by manufacturers to "tighten" low precision components. However, after adjustments are made during operation, the relatively thick film of lubricant in gaps will slowly flow under pressure causing the component to drift.
Vibrations can be induced in the apparatus by a number of sources both internal and external.
Floor motion is probably the most significant contributor. Sources of building vibration can come from elevators, ventilation machinery, air conditioners, foot traffic and closing doors. Placing the apparatus on isolated platforms rather than rigid tables or benches can reduce motion by up to 100 times depending on the vibration frequency. There are several suppliers of vibration isolation tables especially designed for this purpose.
Often airborne pressure disturbances can induce vibration. Acoustic noise produced by pumps and other motorized equipment can induce motion in sensitive equipment. Low frequency (10 Hz and lower) room pressure variations can be transmitted from air conditioning equipment via the ventilation ducting entering the room.
Electrical wiring, cabling, tubing, and ducting leading to and from the apparatus can induce motion.
Fans, blowers, pumps, actuator motors and other components that are integral parts of the workstation may produce vibrations during operation.
For more information, please also see our tutorial on Controlling Laboratory Vibrations.
When laying out the design of the station keep the center of gravity low and close to the table surface. Make the base dimensions large compared to the height of the center of gravity.
Patch clamp workstations usually consists of a number of components: microscope, micromanipulators, amplifier, and specimen chambers together with accessory components for thermal control, imaging, and drug perfusion. All of these components must be physically integrated and anchored on a stable and rigid supporting surface. A structural "loop" is formed consisting of all the components connecting the electrode to the specimen. A typical loop may consist of microscope stage, focusing mechanism, microscope body and base, micromanipulator, amplifier headstage and electrode holder. In order to remain stable relative to the microscope, each component in the mechanical structure connecting the electrode to the specimen must be stable as well as the interconnections between the components.
When designing structural support members:
1. Keep the structural loop short and with as few connections as possible.
2. Use materials with a high stiffness to weight ratio. Design components with high stiffness and low mass. Use lightening holes to remove material from structural parts that are not under stress. A common erroneous assumption made in designing structures that support lightweight components is that heavy, massive structural components are better than lighter components. This is not true if a structure is to be resistant to vibration. To be resistant to vibration a structure must have a high natural frequency and possess internal damping (energy loss mechanism). The natural frequency of a mass supported by a spring is determined by the following relationship:
Where: