Fiber-Optic Intensity Modulator, 20 GHz, 1550 nm
Model: M-APE-I-1550-20
Product Series Overview
Fiber-Optic Intensity ModulatorsThe M-APE-I-1550-20 is a 20 GHz Intensity Modulator that is manufactured with Annealed Proton Exchange(APE) process, it features a zero-chirp design and Polarization Maintaining (PM) fiber output. M-APE-I-1550-20 features 20GHz E/O bandwidth, a highly linear transfer function and excellent extinction ratio. Applications include digital transmission up to 20 Gb/s, analog RFoF transmission to 18 GHz, optical pulse generation, modelocked fiber laser and microwave optical link. The M-APE-I-1550-20 is compatible with a wide variety of modulator drivers, and a separate bias port allows the modulator to operate at specific points of the transfer function. The M-APE-I-1550-20 Modulator is designed for external modulation of 1550 nm laser up to 18 GHz or 20 Gb/s. It is also applicable for pulse generation for Master Oscillator Power Amplifier(MOPA) configuration. Due to proprietary APE technology, M-APE-I-1550-20 can handle input power beyond 100 mW and is a bias-stabilized modulator. It has a wide operating temperature tolerance ranging from -25º to +70ºC.
What is the Pockel's Effect?
Both our phase and our amplitude modulators are based upon the Pockel's effect: the electro-optic effect where the refractive index along one or more axes is proportional to an externally applied electric field. Therefore, by applying a voltage across the electrodes of an electro-optic crystal, you can change the phase of light as it passes through the crystal. By placing the crystal between crossed polarizers, this phase modulation can be converted into amplitude modulation.
Mach Zehnder Architecture
These intensity modulators use the Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) architecture by splitting the waveguide into two paths and recombining them. The elec-trodes are placed around the two waveguide paths to modulate the phase in the light while split. When the paths recombine, the light path undergoes either constructive or deconstructive interference depending on the phase, thereby modulating the light intensity.
Mach Zehnder Architecture
These intensity modulators use the Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) architecture by splitting the waveguide into two paths and recombining them. The elec-trodes are placed around the two waveguide paths to modulate the phase in the light while split. When the paths recombine, the light path undergoes either constructive or deconstructive interference depending on the phase, thereby modulating the light intensity.
Annealed Proton Exchange (APE) Fabrication
Proton Exchange (PE) is one of the common waveguide fabrication techniques in lithium niobate. Compared with Ti in-diffusion, another fabrication method, it can generate higher extraordinary refractive index changes (Δne close to 0.1). A subsequent annealing in a controlled atmosphere, hense called Annealed Proton Exchange (APE), permits a high polarization rejection and a high optical power handling capability, especially for applications using a shorter wavelength than in telecommunications. The annealing, in fact, helps in recovering the nonlinear coefficients that are compromised by standard PE processing.
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